Iron Book: Notes on Cults

The following are a collection of notes on Cults. These are compiled largely from RL sources, and are augmented with fantasy where it's thematically fun and appropriate. ICly, they're the kind of thing you could find in the Iron Book's archives. ATM they're mostly maintained by Svarshan. A bibliography of links can be found at the bottom.

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Characteristics

When identifying a cult, take note of the following characteristics. These are not the sum of a cult's behavior or process, but may serve as a means to understand them.

1. A charismatic leader who increasingly becomes an object of worship as the general principles that may have originally sustained the group lose their power
2. Coercive persuasion or thought reform
3. Economic, sexual, and other exploitation of group members by the leader and the ruling coterie

Some scholars have elaborated on the above, resulting in a checklist of common characteristics.

Initiation

How do cults gain members? Understanding of this process is key, so that it may be disrupted and its demonic elements destroyed.

In general, demonic cults serve, in addition to their other purposes, as a means to provide their masters with energy, as well as a means into the mortal realm. How they indoctrinate mortals (and immortals) into their reaches is of particular interest, as these beings become a means to their power base, as well as the corruption of innocents.

Typically, indoctrination involves an initial period of psychological and physical stress. Demons feed off of this stress, so it may act as a source of pleasure for them. Aside from this tie-in, why stress works so well is a matter of debate. It's possible that stress and exhaustion weaken the individual will. An exhausted person is more likely to reach out for aid from others, less likely to question what they're told, and more likely to become dependent on those around him/her (who tend to be strategically positioned cultists). It's also possible that stress and lack of sleep make it easier to train an individual towards certain responses (such as how a beast may be trained to drool when the food bell is rung).

Most descriptions of initiation discuss a multi-part process. The first part is like a crowbar--subjecting the individual to stress to make them more receptive. The second is indoctrination, whereupon their views are altered to match the cult's. The third is reinforcing the indoctrination. Researchers break this down to a number of different stages, though the gist is similar.

Early Stage: Weakening the Will: Participants may be willing or unwilling at this stage, though the underlying process is disturbingly similar. A volunteer might receive a lot of personal contact, participate in uplifting weekend retreats. They may be showered with attention and are likely to be carefully adopted or squired by enthusiastic group members. After these initial contacts, strong efforts are made to physically separate the recruits from their normal environment and routine. This is often accomplished by moving recruits to a secluded setting. In cases involving coercion, of course, abduction and arrest serve to locate the indoctrinee in an indoctrinating context.

The major distinguishing feature of such coercive settings is that initial stress levels tend to be higher and more salient to indoctrinees given the greater threats to their person and freedom. A surprising number of other features, however, are common to both voluntary and coercive forms of intense indoctrination, such as physical and social separation, changes in diet, sleep deprivation, peer pressure, and emotional manipulations.

Middle Stage(s): Altering Perceptions: Once the initiate is made more malleable, they're presented with controlled information and social pressures. Their identity may be challenged or threatened. At the beginning of this stage, the recruit may "try out" some of the behaviors requested by the group, more or less going through the motions or paying lip service to many of the demands made by the group. Often, the recruit views this as a period of exploration to see what the group is like or what such compliant behavior nets him or her. In other cases, compliance occurs in response to social pressure. Although curiosity and politeness account for some acts of compliance, other instances are induced by well-known compliance techniques, such as reciprocal concessions procedures, appeals to authority, and group pressure. Finally, in coercive settings, individuals often comply in an attempt to reduce threatening or aversive aspects of the situation.

In the final parts of this stage, the individual is turned on him or herself. Eventually, the recruit starts to consider aspects of the group belief system. This can be triggered by various mechanisms including curiosity, persistent social pressure, and the need to justify prior compliance. This portion can be completed within a week in some cases. In this stage, standard theories of social influence and persuasion became applicable in that the individual reevaluates old beliefs and considers new ones.

Final Stage: Acceptance, Solidification: In this final stage, the changes within an individual's psyche are made permanent. Magic can help and in the case of demons--the very act of solidification, it's possible, lends them permanent power. Our scholars note that interpersonal confirmation and social reinforcement by others play a crucial role in the success of this process.

Controlled information, cognitive dissonance, social influence from peers and authority figures, and social identification processes - Refreezing: Finally, refreezing involved stabilizing the changes wrought by the indoctrination process. Schein et al. (1961) believed that this involved integrating new beliefs and values into the overall personality. They argued that

Stage 4. In the consolidation stage, the recruit solidifies his or her newly acquired allegiance to the group. This may entail making various costly behavioral commitments that are hard to undo (e.g., donating one’s personal possessions to the group or recruiting new members), isolating oneself from nongroup members, or selective exposure to information. This final stage of indoctrination is marked by the recruit’s total acceptance of group doctrine and policy with a minimum of close examination. In this stage, the primary reaction of the recruit to negative information about the group is denial and rationalization. Thus, events and information are selectively interpreted and attended to. As this implies, cognitive dissonance mechanisms appear to be highly relevant in this stage. Individuals at this stage are dominated by what Chaiken, Liberman, and Eagly (1989) referred to as defense motivation, when they process attitude-relevant information (i.e., the desire to hold or defend a specific attitudinal position). For this reason, the indoctrinee who reaches the consolidation stage will be highly resistant to persuasion from those outside the group.

- Control of an individual's early environment and experiences. Reduce sleep while orchestrating an intense sequence of events, lectures, encounters. Friendliness. - Less successful but effective: conversion by force - Association with negative elements (non-cult) with guilt - Purist/confession entwinement -

Leadership Manipulation may take on a special intense quality in a cult for which a particular "chosen" human being is the only source of salvation. The person of the leader may attract members to the cult, but can also be a source of disillusionment.

Manipulation of Perception of the Outside World, Outsiders Anyone who has not seen the light and therefore lives in the realm of evil can be justifiably deceived for a higher purpose. Those who have not seen the light and embraced the truth are wedded to evil, tainted, and therefore in some sense, usually metaphorical, lack the right to exist. That is one reason why a cult member threatened with being cast into outer darkness may experience a fear of extinction or collapse. Under particularly malignant conditions, the dispensing of existence is taken literally

The Use of Confession Entwined demand for purity and a cult of confession. The demand for purity is a call for radical separation of good and evil within the environment and within oneself. Purification is a continuing process, often institutionalized in the cult of confession, which enforces conformity through guilt and shame evoked by mutual criticism and self-criticism in small groups.

    How it is used by initiates: 

Authors of confessions write especially to avoid confession, to tell nothing of what they know.

Young cult members confessing the sins of their pre-cultic lives may leave out ideas and feelings that they are not aware of or reluctant to discuss, including a continuing identification with their prior existence.

Repetitious confession, especially in required meetings, often expresses arrogance in the name of humility.

"The more I accuse myself, the more I have a right to judge you."

The Use of Language A simplified, cliche-ridden language can exert enormous psychological force, reducing every issue in a complicated life to a single set of slogans that are said to embody the truth as a totality.

Sources: Formation: http://www.icsahome.com/articles/cult-formation-lifton-csj-8-1-1991 Cult Checklist: http://www.icsahome.com/articles/characteristics